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THE 


Life  of  the  Ancient  Greeks 


BIBLIOGRAPHY   AND   SYLLABUvS 


OF   CORNKLIv  UNIVERSITY   LECTURES. 


BENJAMIN  IDE  WHEELER. 


ITHACA,    N,    Y. 
1890. 


y 


-I  '^ 
W5 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


BD. — Baumeister,    Denkmaler   des   Klassischen    Altertums.     3   vols. 
(1888). 

BE. — Biiclisenschutz,  Besitz  und  Erwerb  im  griechischen  Alterthume 

(1869). 

CuRTius — Curtius,  Ernst.     History  of  Greece.     5  vols. 

GroTE — Grote,  George.     A  History  of  Greece.     12  vols. 

GK. — The  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  (trans,  from  the  third  Ger- 
man edition). 

HB. — Hermann,    Lehrbuch   der   griechischen   Privatalterthiimer,    3d 
edit.  (1882);  edited  by  Bliimner. 

IvS. — Bliimner,  Leben  und  Sitten  der  Griechen.     3  vols.  (1887). 

MHb, — Handbuch  der  Klassischen  Altertums-wissenschaft  herausge- 
geben  von  Dr.  Iwan  Miiller  (1885-90). 

PE. — Boeckh,  Public  Economy  of  the  Athenians  (transl.   from  Die 
Staatshaushaltung  der  Athener). 

TT. — Bliimner,  Terminologie  und  Technologie  der  bildenden  Kiinste. 
4  vols.  (1874-87). 


THE  LIFE  OF  THE  ANCIENT.  GREEKS. 


Lecture  I.     The  Physical  Geography  of  Greece. 

Tozer,  Lectures  on  the  Geography  of  Greece  (1873) ;  Tozer,  Classi- 
cal Geography  (Appletons'  Liter.  Primers)  (1877) ;  Bursian,  Geogra- 
phic von  Griechenland,  2  vols.  (1862)  ;  Grote,  History  of  Greece,  Part 
II  chap,  i ;  Curtius,  History  of  Greece,  I  chap,  i ;  Herman n-Bliim- 
ner,  Griech.  Privatalterthiimer,  pp.  8  fF.  ;  Abbott,  History  of  Greece, 
I  chap,  i ;  Lolling,  Miiller's  Handb.  der  Altertumswissenscliaft,  III 
99  fF.  ;  Wordsworth,  Greece,  pictorial,  descriptive  and  historical. — On 
climate  :  Baedeker's  Greece,  Introd.  pp.  29  fF.  ;  Wachsmuth,  Die  Stadt 
Athen  im  Altertum,  I  100  ff.  ;  Partsch,  Das  Klima  von  Athen,  Mete- 
orol.  Zeitschr,  1884,  pp.  473  fF. 

The  location  of  Greece  as  a  whole  in  relation  to  the  sea  and 
to  other  lands  —  The  mountain  ranges  —  Elevation  of  moun- 
tains —  Plains  —  Rivers  —  The  coast-line  —  The  comparative 
extent  of  the  land  —  Soil  —  Climate. 


Lecture  II.     The  Physical  Geography  of  Greece. 

(CONTINUE^D.) 

Beside  the  works  already  cited  :  Curtius,  Alterthum  und  Gegenwart, 
II  22  fF.  ;  Hehn,  The  Wanderings  of  Plants  and  Animals  (Transl.  of 
Kulturpflanzen  und  Haustiere)  ;  Williams,  Views  in  Greece,  2  vols., 
illustr.  ;  v.  Falke,  Greece  and  Rome,  illustr. 

The  historical  significance  of  location  and  climate  —  Pro- 
ducts of  the  soil  —  Characteristics  of  Greek  scenery. 


(i9272« 


—  4  — 
Lecture  III      Characterization  of  the  Greek  People. 

St.  John,  Hellenes,  I  29  ff.  ;  Felton,  Greece,  ancient  and  modern, 
I  271-309;  MahafFy,  Social  Life  in  Greece,  '228  fF.  ;  HB.  pp.  31-37; 
Schmidt,  L.,  Die  Ethik  der  alten  Griechen,  2  vols.  (1882). 

Pliy§ic^l  ,chaxa,Cteristics  —  Standard  of  beauty  among  the 
'jGF'reek,sV-5vr6ial.'and  intellectual  characteristics — Modera- 
te oti>—,Suscei?tibility  toward  the  beautiful  —  Fineness  of  feel- 
-iiig'-H-Setitinierit  of  friendship  —  Humanity  and  inhumanity 
—  Mental  alertness  —  Avarice  —  Untruth. 


Lecture  IV.     The  Population. 

Boeckh,  Public  Economy  of  the  Athenians,  Book  I  chap,  vii  ; 
Clinton,  Fasti  Hellenici,  II  468-484;  Belocli,  Bevolkerung  der  grie- 
chisch-romischen  Welt  (1886). — For  the  states:  Gilbert,  Handbuch 
der  griech.  Staatsalterthiimer,  2  vols.  (1881).  For  the  colonies  and 
leagues :  Gilbert,  II  397  ff. 

Estimates  of  the  population  of  Greece,  of  Attica,  of  Athens 

—  Methods  of  determination  —  Division  into  tribes  —  States 

—  Colonies  —  Early  leagues  —  Other  unifying  influences  : 
likeness  of  speech,  community  of  religion,  contrast  with  the 
life  and  manners  of  the  orientals. 


Lecture  V.     The  Modern  State  and  People  of  Greece. 

Fallmerayer,  Geschichte  der  Halbinsel  Morea  (1830)  ;  Welchen 
Einfluss  hatte  die  Besetzung  Griechenlands  durch  die  Slaven  auf  das 
Schicksal  der  Stadt  Athen  ?  (1835);  Sanders,  Volksleben  der  Neu- 
griechen  (1844)  ;  Leake,  Travels  in  the  Morea,  3  vols.  (1830) ;  Leake, 
Travels  in  Northern  Greece,  4  vols.  (1835)  ;  Dodwell,  Classical  and 
Topographical  Tour  through  Greece,  2  vols.  (1819)  ;  Ross,  Grie- 
chische  Inselreisen,  4  vols.  (1840)  ;  Curtius,  E.,  Peloponnesos,  2  vols. 
(1851) ;  Felton,  Greece,  ancient  and  modern,  II  249  ff.  ;  Schmidt,  B., 
Das   Volksleben   der   Neugriechen   und   das   hellenische   Alterthum 


(^lOilo.  .    ^—  CU4uMi  f^  f^    f— ' 


ZuaXLu.^  ^UJJj^  e/o<.ua^   ^^H^  J-flc^  . 


(iSyi)  ;  Wachsmuth,  C,  Das  alte  Griechenland  im  neuen  (1864)  ; 
MahaiFy,  Rambles  and  Studies  in  Greece,  2d  edit.  (1878)  ;  Snider,  A 
Walk  in  Hellas  (1883)  ;  Baedeker's  Greece,  by  H.  G.  Lolling,  Introd. 
pp.  31  ff.   (1889)  ;    Bent,  The  Cyclades  (1885)  ;    Krumbacher,   Grie- 

chische  Reise  (1886);  Wyse,  Impressions  of  Greece  (1871)  ;  On 

the  language  ;  Boltz,  Die  hellenische  oder  neugriechische  Sprache 
(1881)  ;  Vincent  and  Dickson,  A  Handbook  to  Modern  Greek  (1881). 


The  controversy  concerning  the  race-connection  of  the 
present  population  of  Greece  —  Various  incursions  and  immi- 
grations of  alien  populations  —  Evidences  of  unbroken  line  of 
connection  with  ancient  Greece  to  be  found  in  various  m3^ths, 
superstitions,  and  religious  observances,  in  various  popular 
usages  and  customs,  in  the  language  —  Characteristics  of  the 
people  —  Financial  and  industrial  interests  —  Political  affairs 
—  The  church  —  The  language. 


Lecture  VI.     Attica. 


Lolling,  MHb.,  Ill  110-121  ;  Curtius  und  Kaupert,  Karten  von 
Attika  ;  Wordsworth,  Greece,  pp.  65  ff.  ;  Hertzberg,  Athen  historisch- 
topographisch  dargestellt  (1885)  chap,  i;  Baedeker,  Greece,  pp.  104 ff.; 
Mahaffy,  Rambles  and  Studies,  chaps,  vi,  vii. 

Mountains  —  Plains  —  Rivers  —  Extent  of  Plains  —  Coast 
line  —  Climate  —  Vegetation  —  The  harbors  of  Phaleron  and 
Peiraeus. 


Lecture  VII.     Athens. 


Wachsmuth,  Die  Stadt  Athen  im  Altertum,  vol.  I  (1874) ;  Lolling, 
MHb.  Ill  290-335  ;  Milchhofer,  BD.  s.  v.  Athen  ;  Hertzberg,  Athen  ; 
Curtius  und  Kaupert,  Atlas  von  Athen  ;  Harrison  and  Verrall,  Mythol- 
ogy and  Monuments  of  Ancient  Athens  (1890)  ;  Mahaffy,  Rambles  and 
Studies,  chaps,  iii-v ;  Gregorovius,  Geschichte  der  Stadt  Athen  im 
Mittelalter,  2  vols,  (i^ 


—  6  — 

Outline  history  of  the  city  — The  walls  — The  gates  — 
The  monuments  of  the  lower  city,  following  in  general  the 
description  of  Pausanias,  the  market-place  and  buildings  near 
it,  the  southeastern  quarter,  the  Ilissos  district,  the  street  of 
tripods,  the  precinct  of  Dionysos  and  the  theatre,  the  Askle- 
pieion,  the  Odeion  of  Herodes  Atticus,  the  Pnyx.. 


Lecture  VIII.     The  Acropolis. 

Lolling,  MHb.  Ill  335-352  ;  Baedeker's  Greece,  55  ff.  ;  Boetticher, 
Die  AkropoHs  ;  MichaeHs,  Der  Parthenon  ;  Bolm,  Die  Propylaen  der 
Akropolis  zn  Athen  ;  Kekule,  Die  Reliefs  an  der  Balustrade  der  Athe- 
na Nike  ;  Stuart  and  Revett,  The  Antiquities  of  Athens,  4  vols.,  smaller 
edit,  1   vol. 

Shape  and  extent  —  History  —  The  Propylaea  —  The  tem- 
ple of  Athena  Nike  —  Objects  between  the  Propylaea  and 
the  Parthenon  —  The  Parthenon  —  The  Brechtheion. 


Lecture    IX.     The    Greek    Family;    Marriage  and  the 

Wedding. 

HB.  pp.  251-278  ;  GK.  pp.  190-195  ;  Becker's  Charicles,  Excursus  to 
Scene  xii ;  St.  John,  Hellenes,  II  i  fF.  ;  Felton,  Greece,  I  343  ff.  ; 
Schreiber,  Kulturshist.  Bilderatlas,  I,  Taf.  Ixxxi  ;  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i, 
pp.  446  fF.  ;  Bliimner,  BD.  s.  v.  Hochzeit ;  Bliimner,  LS.  I  150  fF.  ; 
Smith's  Diet,  of  Antiquities  s.  v.  Matrimonium.  On  the  Modern 
Greek  usages  :  Wachsmuth,  Das  alte  Griechenland  im  neuen,  pp.  8i- 
105,  and  Sakellarios,  Die  Sitten  und  Gebraiiche  der  Hochzeit  bei  den 
Neugriechen  verglichen  niit  denen  der  alten  Griechen  (1880). — On  the 
development  of  the  monogamous  family  system  :  McLennan,  Primi- 
tive Marriage  (1876)  ;  Morgan,  Ancient  Society  (1878)  ;  McLennan, 
The  Patriarchal  Theory  (1885)  ;  Bachofen,  Das  Mutterrecht ;  Lubbock, 
The  Origin  of  Civilization  (1870)  ;  Schurman,  The  Ethical  Import  of 
Darwinism,  chap.  vi. 

Position  of  the  family  in  human  society  —  Development  of 
the  monogamous  family  system  —  Importance  of  an  under- 


—  7  — 

standing  of  the  Greek  family  relations  —  Character  of  the 
marriage  relation  in  Greece  —  The  marriage  contract  —  The 
wedding  —  The  Modern  Greek  wedding. 


Lecture  X.     The  Life  of  the  Women. 

HB.  pp.  64-75  ;  GK.  pp.  185  f.  ;  Mahaffy,  Social  Life  in  Greece, 
"pp.  52  flf.,  142  fF.,  274  flf.  ;  Miilier,  MHb.  IV,  i,  pp.  448  ff.  ;  Donald- 
son, Women  in  Ancient  Greece,  Contenip.  Review,  July,  1878  and 
March,  1879  \  Bliimner,  LS.  I  pp.  167  ff.  ;  Smith's  Dictionary  of  An- 
tiquities, s.  V.  Tela,  Fusus  ;  St.  John,  Hellenes,  I  369  ff.,  II  28  ff.  ;  GoU, 
Kulturbilder  "I  250  ff.  ;  Becker's  Charicles,  Bxc.  to  Sc.  xii  ;  BE.  pp. 
292  f.  ;  Schreiber,  Bilderatlas  I,  Taf.  Ixxxii  and  Ixxxiii  ;  Haley,  The 
Social  and  Domestic  Posiiion  of  Women  in  Aristophanes,  Harvard 
Stud,  in  Class.  Philol.  I,  Art.  xi  (1890). 

Contrasts  between  the  position  of  women  in  the  Homeric 
age,  in  the  classical  period,  and  in  the  Hellenistic  period  — 
Restrictions  upon  the  appearance  of  women  outside  the  home 
—  Life  at  home  —  Occupations  :  spinning,  weaving,  etc. 
(For  dress  and  toilet,  vid.  Lectt.  xv,  xvi,  xvii)  —  Character 
of  Greek  women  —  The  Hetairai. 


Lecture  XL     The  Children. 


HB.  pp.  75-80,  278-301  ;  GK.  pp.  195-197;  Miilier,  MHb.  IV,  i  pp. 
448  d.  ff.  ;  Becker,  Charicles,  Exc.  ii  to  Sc.  i  (ed.  G611)  ;  Mahaffy,  Old 
Greek  Education,  pp.  9-23,  32-57  ;  Grasberger,  Erzichung  und  Un- 
terricht  II,  i  pp.  28  ff.  ;  Smith's  Diet,  of  Antiq.  5.  v.  Amphidromia, 
Nomen  ;  BD.  s.  v.  Aussetzen,  Ammen,  Wickelkinder,  Kinderspiele, 
Schaukeln ;  Mahaffy,  Social  lyife  in  Greece,  pp.  '^163  ff.  ;  Richter, 
vSpiele  der  Gr.  und  Rom.  (1887). 


Relation  to  family  authority  —  Mutual  responsibility  of 
parent  and  child  —  Birth  —  Naming  —  Nursing  —  Food  — 
Games  and  toys  —  Earliest  education  —  The  ephebes. 


Lecture  XII.     The  Slaves. 

Richter,  Die  Sklaverei  im  griecliischeii  Altertlium  (1886)  ;  Biicli- 
senschiitz,  Besitz  und  Erwerb  im  klassischen  Alterthume,  pp.  104- 
208;  Becker's  Charicles,  Exc.  to  Sc.  vii ;  Boeckh,  PE.,  see  index 
s.  V.  Slaves  ;  HB.  pp.  80  ff.  ;  Gilbert,  Handbuch  der  griech.  vStaatsalt- 
erthiimer,  I  31-36,  163-168,  II  287-294;  Busolt,  MHb.  IV,  i  pp.  10 
fif.  ;  Smith's  Diet,  of  Autiq.  s.  v.  Servus  ;  Bliimner,  LS.  Ill  174  fF. 

Numbers  —  Legal  status  —  The  philosophy  of  slavery  — 
Differing  condition  at  different  periods  —  The  Spartan  Helots 
—  The  Athenian  slaves  —  Their  relation  to  masters  —  Occu- 
pations —  Punishments  —  Emancipation  —  Nationality  — 
Prices  of  slaves. 


Lecture  XIII.     The  Greek  House. 

GK.  pp.  73-76,  78-84 ;  HB.  pp.  143  ff.  ;  Becker's  Charicles,  Exc.  to 
Sc.  iii ;  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i,  pp.  339  ff.  ;  Smith,  Diet,  of  Aiitiq.  s.  v. 
Domus  ;  Winckler,  Die  Wohnhaiiser  der  Hell enen  ;  Lange,  Hausund 
Halle;  Bliimner,  BD.  s.  v.  Haus  ;  Goll,  Kulturbilder  ^IH  i,  ff. 

The  insignificance  of  private  houses  in  the  city  during  the 
classical  period  —  Materials  of  these  houses  —  Size  —  Gen- 
eral plan  —  Surroundings  of  house  —  Entrance  —  Porter  — 
Court  —  Various  rooms  —  Second  floor  —  Roof  —  Stoves  — 
Decoration  of  walls  —  Development  of  house  architecture  in 
the  Hellenistic  period  —  The  Homeric  house. 


Lecture  XIV.     The  Furniture  of  the  House. 

GK.  pp.  134-160;  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i,  pp.  376-395  ;  Becker's  Chari- 
cles, Exc.  ii  to  Sc.  viii  (Goll)  ;  St.  John,  Hellenes  II  97  ff.  ;  Bliim- 
ner, Das  Kunstgewerbe  im  Alterthum,  II  2-154 1  Weiss,  Kostiim- 
kunde  I,  i,  855  ff.  ;  BD.  s.  v.  Tische,  Sessel,  Fussbank,  Betten,  Kissen, 
Truhen,  Lampen,  Leuchter ;  Smith's  Diet,  of  Antiq.  s.  v.  Mensa,  Lec- 
tus,  Sella,  Thronus,  Amphora,  Crater,   Cyathus,   Canthams,   Patera, 


—  9  — 

Candelabrum  ;  Buchholz,  Die  homerischen  Realieii  II,  2,  pp.  138  ff.  ; 
Miller,  Die  Beleuchtung  im  Altertum  (1885)  ;  Schreiber,  Bilderatlas  I, 
Taf,  Ixxxvi. 


Couches  —  Pillows  —  Mattresses  —  Chairs  —  Tables  — Jars 
—  Vases  —  Jugs  —  Pots  —  Drinking  vessels  —  Lamps  —  The 
furniture  of  the  Homeric  house. 


Lecture  XV.     Clothing. 


HB.  pp.  172  fF.  ;  GK.  pp.  160-170  ;  Becker's  Charicles,  Exc.  to  Sc.  xi  ; 
Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i,  pp.  395  fF.  ;  Bliimiier,  LS.  I  11-60;  BD.  s.  v. 
Kleidung,  ChiLon,  Chlamys,  Himation,  Giirtel ;  Smith's  Diet,  of  An- 
tiq.  s.  V.  Tunica,  Pallium,  Peplum,  Fibula,  Chlamys,  Exomis  ;  Weiss, 
Kostumkunde  I,  i.  700  ff.  ;  Bohlan,  De  re  vestiaria  (1885)  ;  Studniczka, 
Beitrage  zur  Geschichte  der  altgriechischen  Tracht  (1886)  ;  Buchholz, 
Homerische  Realien  II,  2,  pp.  260-274  ;  Helbig,  Das  homerische  Epos 
von  den  Denkmalern  erlaiitert,  pp.  115  ff.  ;  Smith,  J.  M.,  Ancient 
GreeV  Female  Costume  (2d  edit.  1883)  ;  Hope,  Costumes  of  the  An- 
cients (181 2)  ;  Schreiber,  Bilderatlas  I,  Taf.  Ixxxiv. 


Costume  and  climate  —  Costume  and  civilization  —  The 
clothing  of  the  primitive  Greeks  —  Clothing  in  the  Homeric 
age  —  The  introduction  of  the  tunic  for  men  —  The  period 
from  Homer  to  the  Persian  wars  —  The  classical  period  — 

Special  garments  :    TreVA-O?,  <f>apo<;-,  ;(Aatva,  ;)(tTaJv,  IfxaTLov,  i^MfXLS, 

xA.a/xv?,  ^oAta  —  The  girdle  —  The  color  of  garments  —  Ten- 
dencies of  fashion  in  the  Hellenistic  period. 


Lecture  XVI.     Dress  for  the  Head  and  Feet. 


GK.  pp.  170-178;  Blumner,  LS.  I  60-90 ;  Muller,  MHb.  IV,  i,  pp. 
426-433  ;  Becker's  Charicles,  Exc.  to  Sc.  xi ;  Blumner,  BD.  s.  v.  Haar- 
tracht,  Barttracht,  Kopfbedeckung,  Fussbekleidung ;  Smith's  Diet. 
Antiq.  s.  v.  Coma,  Barba,  Pileus,  Calceus,  Sandalium,  Cothurnus ; 
Buchholz,  Hom.  Realien  II,  2,  pp.  274-279. 


—  lO 


Treatment  of  hair  among  men  in  the  heroic  age  —  The 
elaborate  frisure  of  the  lonico- Asiatic  |civilization  (yth-sth 
centur>0  —  The  temperate  style  of  the  classical  age  —  The 
Laconomania  —  The  beard  at  different  periods  —  The  history 
of  shaving  —  Barbers  and  barber-shops  —  Hats  —  Styles  of 
wearing  the  hair  among  women  —  Head-dresses  —  Sandals 
and  shoes. 


Lecture  XVII.     The  Toilet  and  the  Bath. 


HB.  pp.  200  fF.  ;  Bliiiimer,  Kunstgewerbe  im  Altertum  II  127  fif.  ; 
Becker's  Charicles,  Exc.  iii  to  Sc.  viii ;  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i,  pp.  444 
fF.  ;  Bliimner,  LS.  I  178  ff.  ;  St.  John,  Hellenes  II  65  fF.  ;  Smith,  Diet. 
Antiq.  .y.  v.  Balneae ;  BD.  s.  v.  Baden,  Spiegel,  Schminken,  Sonnen- 
schirm,  Facher. — Cn  Ornaments,  etc.,cF.  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i,  pp.  433 
fF.;  GK.  pp.  178  fF. 


The  bath  in  Homeric  times  —  In  classical  times  —  Public 
fountains  and  baths  —  Oil  —  Perfumes  —  Rouge  —  Jewelry 
and  ornaments. 


Lecture  XVIII.     Food  and  Drink. 


HB.  pp.  214-235  ;  Becker's  Charicles,  Exc.  to  Sc.  vi  ;  Miiller,  MHb. 
IV,  I,  pp.  441  fif.;  Bliimner,  LS.  II,  34  fif.;  PE.  chaps,  xv,  xvi,  xvii ; 
Bliimner,  TT.  I,  pp.  i  fif.;  St.  John,  Hellenes  II  125  fif. 


General  characteristics  of  the  Greek  cuisine  —  The  prepa- 
ration of  meal  —  Different  sorts  —  Varieties  of  bread  —  lycav- 
en  —  Cakes  —  Vegetables  —  Oil  —  Meat  —  Fish  —  Eggs  — 
Cheese  —  Wine  —  Varieties  —  Method  of  preparation  and  use. 


—  II 


Lecture  XIX.     Table  Usages, 

GK.  pp.  264  fF.;  HB.  pp.  235  fF.;  Becker's  Charicles,  Bxc.  to  Sc.  vi ; 
Smith's  Diet.  Antiq.  s.  v.  Coena,  Symposium  ;  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i, 
pp.  445  b  and  c ;  Bliimner,  L;S.  II  29-34,  36-45  ;  MahafFy,  Social  Life 
in  Greece,  chap,  ^xi ;  BD.  s.  v.  Mahlzeiten,  Symposion,  Kranze,  Kot- 
tabos,  Gaukler  ;  Schreiber,  Bilderatlas  I,  Taf.  Ixxvi  and  Ixxvii ;  Goll, 
Die  griech.  und  rom.  Kiiche,  Kulturbilder  ^11  74  ff. 

Arrangement  of  table  and  seats  at  different  periods  —  Ser- 
vice —  The  courses  —  Table  manners  —  Dishes  —  Drinking 
customs  —  The  symposia. 


LfCCture  XX.     The  Cost  of  Living. 

Boeckh,  PE.  chap,  i-xxi ;  BE.  pp.  347  ff. 

Inadequacy  of  all  direct  comparisons  of  ancient  money  val- 
ues with  our  own  —  Variations  in  the  value  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver —  Wages  and  incomes  —  Profits  of  trade  —  Price  of  houses 

—  Price  of  grain  —  Of  bread  —  Of  wine  —  Of  oil  —  Of  meat 
and  other  table  supplies  —  Of  clothing  —  Estimated  mini- 
mum cost  of  living  compared  with  the  known  rate  of  wages 

—  Cost  of  living  among  the  wealthier. 


Lecture  XXI.     The  Daily  Life. 

HB.  pp.  121  ff.;  Bliimner,  LS.  II,  i  ff. 

Conditions  in  Athens  best  known  —  Difficulty  of  judging 
to  what  extent  they  are  peculiar  —  Peculiar  conditions  in 
Sparta  —  Divisions  of  the  day  at  Athens  —  Clocks  —  Morn- 
ing hours  :  ablutions,  toilet,  first  meal  —  Visits  —  Marketing 
—  General  appearance  of  street,  houses,  and  shops  —  Market- 
place —  The  assembly  —  The  courts  —  Other  public  service 


12 


—  The  festivals  —  Noon  —  The  noon-day  meal  —  The  public 
baths  —  Wine  shops  and  gambling  houses  —  Dinner  —  Sym- 
posium. 


Lecture  XXII.     Sickness,  Physic,  and  Physicians. 

Haser,  Lehrbuch  der  Geschichte  der  Medicin,  -I  62  fF. ;  Encyclop. 
Britaimica  s.  v.  Medicine  ;  Smith's  Diet.  Aiitiq.  s.  v.  Medicus,  Medi- 
cina  ;  Smith's  Diet,  of  Biography  and  Mythology  s.  v.  Hippoerates, 
Galenus,  Aesculapius  ;  HE.  pp.  351  if.;  Becker's  Charicles,  Exc.  to  Sc. 
viii ;  MahafFy,  Social  Life  in  Greece,  ''290  fF.;  St.  John,  Hellenes  III 
201  fF.;  Bliimner,  LS.  II  62  fF.;  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i,  pp.  458  b  and  fF.; 
BD.  s  V.  Aerzte,  Apothekeii. — On  the  cult,  of  Asklepios  :  Milchhofer, 
BD.  I  194  ff. ;  von  Wilamowitz,  Isyllos  von  Epidauros,  Philol.  Unter- 
suchungen,  IX  (1886) ;  Kohler,  Mittheilungen  des  deutschen  archeol. 
Inst,  zu  Athen,  II  171  fF.,  229  fF.;  Baunack,  Studien  I,  i,  pp.  109  (In- 
scriptions of  Epidauros)  ;  Curtius,  E.,  Nord  und  Siid,  April,  1877,  pp. 
95  ff. 

Three-fold  connection  of  modern  medical  science  with  the 
Greek  —  Surgery  and  physicians  in  Homer  —  The  cult  of 
Asklepios  —  Its  relation  to  later  medical  tradition  —  Relics 
of  the  Asklepieia  of  Athens  and  at  Epidauros  —  The  inscrip- 
tions of  Epidauros  —  Hippocrates  —  Medical  ethics  —  Writ- 
ings —  Hippocrates  to  Galen  —  Medicine  venders  at  Athens 
—  Doctors  —  Remedies. 


Lecture  XXIII.     Death  and  Burial. 


GK.  pp.  287-293;  HB.  pp.  361-387  ;  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i,  pp.  261  c 
and  fF. ;  Bliimner,  LS.  II  73  fF. ;  St.  John,  Hellenes  III  414-440  ;  Beck- 
er's Charicles,  Exc.  to  Sc.  ix ;  Schreiber,  Bilderatlas  I,  Taf.  xciv  f. ; 
Stackelberg,  Die  Graoer  der  Hellenen,  illustr.  (1883)  ;  Smith,  Diet. 
Antiq.  s.  v.  Funus ;  BD.  s.  v.  Ausstellen,  Bestattung,  Aschengefasse, 
Graber,  Totenkultus  ;  Century  Magazine,  April,  1882,  pp.  836  fF.; 
Wachsmuth,  Das  alte  Griechenl.  im  neuen,  105  fF. 


T^***-'*-*'  .       ~ 


13 


Death  —  Care  for  body  —  The  -n-poOea-L^  —  Lament  —  Fu- 
neral procession  —  Service  at  grave  —  Funeral  Feast  —  Meth- 
ods of  burial  —  Coffins  —  Tombs  and  monuments. 


Lecture  XXIV.     Society  and  Social  Entertainment. 

HB.  pp.  500  ff.;  St.  John,  Hellenes  II  204  ff.,  170  ff.;  Mahaffy,  So- 
cial lyife  in  Greece,  ^46  f.,  102  fF.,  312  fF. ;  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i,  pp.  478 
^andfF. ;  Bliimner,  IvS.  II  37-61;  Ohlert,  Ratsel  und  Gesellschafts- 
spiele  der  alten  Griechen  (1886). 

Social  opportunities  —  Social  companies  —  Conventional 
manners  —  Responsibility  of  host  —  Music  —  Conversation 
—  Riddles  —  Stories  —  Games  —  Jugglers  —  Dancers  — 
Jesters. 


Lecture  XXV.     The  Greek  Religion. 

Reseller's  Lexikon  der  griech.  und  rom.  Mythologie ;  Welcker, 
Griech.  Gotterlelire,  3  vols.  (1862)  ;  Preller,  Griech.  Mythologie,  2  vols., 
3d  edit.  (1875) ;  Nagelsbach,  Homerische  Theologie  (1840)  ;  Coulan- 
ges,  The  Ancient  City,  introd.  and  first  six  chapters  ;  MahafFy,  Social 
Life  in  Greece,  chap,  xii ;  Grote,  Part  I,  chap,  xvi  ;  Hermann-Stark, 
Lehrbuch  der  gottesdienstlichen  Alterthiimer ;  Bliimner,  LS.  II  p.  155 
ff.;  St.  John,  Hellenes  I  349  ff.;  Abbott,  E.,  The  Theology  and  Ethics 
of  Sophocles,  Hellenica,  pp.  33  ff.;  Curtius,  E.,  Die  Idee  der  Unster- 
blichkeit  bei  den  Alten,  Alterthum  und  Gegenwart,  I  121  ff. ;  Smith, 
R.,  The  Religion  of  the  Semites,  Lect.  I  and  II  (1890) ;  G611,  Toler- 
anz,  Sektirerei  und  Proselytenmacherei,  Kulturbilder  ^I  278  ff. ;  Pack- 
ard, Studies  in  Greek  thought,  pp.  i  ff. 

Peculiarities  in  the  relation  of  the  individual  Greek  to  his 
religion  —  Nature  worship  —  Its  conception  of  deity  —  De- 
velopment of  attributes  —  The  theogony  —  Development  of 
the  personality  of  Apollo  —  Dionysos  —  Athene  —  Hermes 
—  Ancestor  worship  —  Family  religion  —  Influence  of  the 
rise  of  philosophy  —  The  religious  spirit  of  the  fifth  and 
fourth  centuries  at  Athens. 


—  14  — 
Lecture  XXVI.     The  Greek  Worship. 

Beside  the  works  cited  under  preceding  :  Seeniann,  Die  gottesdien- 
stlichen  Gebraiiclie  der  Gr.  und  Rom.;  Stengel,  MHb.  V,  3,  pp.  i  ff. ; 
Schreiber,  Bilderatlas  I,  Taf.  xi-xvi. 

Altars  —  Temples  —  Priests  :  selection,  training,  appear- 
ance, life,  duties  —  Diviners  and  magicians  —  Oracles  —  Sac- 
rifice ;  its  idea,  its  forms  —  Prayer  —  The  mysteries  —  Fes- 
tivals. 


Lecture  XXVII.     The  Greek  Theory  of  Education. 

Grasberger,  Brzichung  und  Unterricht  ini  griech.  Altertuni,  2  vols. 
(1864-1881) ;  Schmidt,  Geschichte  der  Padagogik,  vol.  I  (1873)  ;  Mahaf- 
fy.  Old  Greek  Education  (1882)  ;  Wilkins,  Essay  on  National  Educa- 
tion in  Greece  (1873)  I  Browning,  O.,  Introduction  to  the  History  of 
Educational  Theories,  (1881),  chap,  i  ;  Packard,  On  Plato's  System  of 
Education,  Studies  in  Greek  Thought,  pp.  65  ff. ;  Nettleship,  The 
Theory  of  Education  in  Plato's  republic,  Abbott's  Hellenica,  pp.  67 
ff.;  iSTewman,  The  Politics  of  Aristotle,  vol.  I,  introd.  344  ff. 

Importance  of  an  understanding  of  these  theories  —  Con- 
cerning theories  of  education  in  general  —  Greek  idea  of  the 
purpose  and  aim  of  education  compared  with  the  views  of 
modern  educators  —  Subjects  for  instruction  —  Methods  of 
instruction. 


Lecture  XXVIII.     Schools  and  Teachers. 


Beside  works  cited  under  preceding  :  Becker's  Charicles,  Exc.  ii  to 
Sc.  i;  St.  John,  Hellenes  I  164  ff.;  BD.  s.  v.  Schulen,  Padagogen  ; 
Bliimner,  LS.  I  113  ff.;  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i,  pp.  451  ff-;  HB.  pp.  311 
ff.;  Schreiber,  Bilderatlas  I,  Taf  Ixxxix  ff.;  GK.  pp.  197  ff. 


—  15  — 

lyack  of  public  provision  —  Age  of  attendance  —  Time  of 
day  —  Vacations  —  School-rooms  —  Apparatus  —  Object 
teaching  —  Arithmetic  —  Numbers  of  pupils  —  Teachers  — 
Courses  —  Methods  —  The  higher  education  —  Development 
of  universities. 


Lecture  XXIX.     Athletics, 

Buchholz,  Homerisclie  Reahen  II,  i,  288  ff.;  GK.  pp.  212  ff.,  115  ff.; 
Becker's  Charicles,  Exc.  to  Sc.  v  ;  Mahaffy,  Old  Greek  Education,  25 
ff.;  MahafFy,  Social  Life  in  Greece,  336  ff.;  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i,  pp.  451  c 
and  ff. ;  Bliimner,  LS.  II  pp.  94  ff. ;  St.  John,  Hellenes  I  1 89  ff. ;  BD. 
5.  V.  Gymnastik,  Hanteln,  Ringkampf,  Diskoswerfen,  Werfen  mit 
Speeren,  Wettlauf,  Fiinfkampf,  Faustkampf,  Pankration,  Atlileten.; 
Smith,  Diet.  Antiq.  s.  v.  Gymnasium,  Halteres,  Stadium,  Discus,  Luc- 
ta.  Pancratium,  Cestus ;  HB.  pp.  341  ff.;  Schreiber,  Bilderatlas  I, 
Taf  xxi  f ;  Bintz,  Die  Gymnastik  der  Hellenen  (1878) ;  Krause,  Gym- 
nastik und  Agonistik  der  Hellenen,  2  vols.  (1841)  ;  Jager,  Die  Gym- 
nastik der  Hellenen  (1881)  ;  Haase,  Erscli  und  Griiber  Encyclop.  s.  v. 
Palastra. ;  Botticher,  Olympia  pp.  89  ff, ;  Grasberger,  Erziehung  und 
Unterricht,  vol.  I,  chaps,  i  and  iii. 

Relation  to  education  —  Relation  to  religion  —  Relation  to 
art  —  Palaestra  —  Gymnasium  —  Preparation  for  exercise  — 
Bath  —  Chariot  race  —  Boxing  —  Wrestling  —  Foot-race  — 
Quoits  —  Lance-throwing — Leaping  —  Ball-games  —  Decline 
of  gymnastics  in  professionalism. 


Lecture  XXX.     Music. 

GK.  pp.  199  ff.;  St.  John,  Hellenes  I  184  ff.;  Bliimner,  LS.  II  138  ff.; 
HB.  pp.  317  ff.;  BD.  s.  v.  Musik,  Floten,  Saiteninstrumente ;  Miiller, 
MHb.  IV,  I,  452  <^  and  ^;  Schreiber,  Bilderatlas  I,  Taf  vii ;  Mahaffy, 
Old  Greek  Education,  36  ff.,  61  ff. :  Westphal,  Die  Musik  des  griech. 
Altertums  (1883)  ;  Girard,  ^'education  ath^nienne  pp.  185  ff.  (i^ 


Value  of  the  Greek  word   '  music '  —  The  rhapsodes  — 
Music  in   education  —  The   Greek   scale  —  The   modes  — 


i6 


Stringed   instruments  —  Wind  instruments  —  Clanging   in- 
struments. 


Lecture  XXXI.     The  Theatre. 


Klein,  Geschichte  des  Dramas,  vols.  I  and  II  (1865)  ;  Moulton,  The 
Ancient  Classical  Drama  (^90)  ;  Jebb,  Primer  of  Greek  Literature,  pp. 
69  ff. ;  Donaldson,  the  Theatre  of  the  Greeks,  6th  edit.  (1849) ;  Hermann- 
Miiller,  Griech.  Biihnenalterthiimer  (Hermann's  Lehrbuch  III,  2) 
(18S6) ;  Oehmichen,  Das  Biihnenwesen  der  Griech.  und  Rom.  MHb. 
V,  3,  pp.  222  fF.  (1890) ;  Opitz,  Schauspiel  und  Theaterwesen  der  Griech. 
und  Romer  (1889)  ;  Haigh,  The  Attic  theatre,  pp.  loi  ff.  (1889) ;  Ar- 
ticles by  Harrison  and  Haigh  in  Classical  Review,  IV  274  ff.  (June, 
1890)  ;  Harrison- Verrall,  Mythology  and  Monuments  of  ancient  Ath- 
ens, pp.  271  ff.  (1890) ;  Arnold,  BD.  s.  v.  Theatergebaiide,  Milchhofer, 
BD.  s.  V.  Athen,  pp,  190  ff.;  GK.  pp.  121  ff.;  Wheeler,  J.  R.,  Papers  of 
the  American  school  of  classical  studies,  I  121-179  ;  Schreiber,  Bilder- 
atlas  I,  Taf.  i,  ii. 


Rise  and  development  of  the  drama  in  outline  —  Begin- 
nings of  theatre  -  building  —  Vitruvius  —  The  orchestra  — 
The  stage  —  Present  controversy  concerning  the  stage  in 
early  theatres  — /Seats  of  spectators  —  Passages  —  Entrances 
—  Dimensions  —  Acoustics  —  Remnants  of  the  theatre  at 
Athens  —  At  Epidauros  —  Roman  theatres. 


Lecture  XXXII.     The  Dramatic  Representations. 

From  works  cited  above  :  Hermann-Miiller,  pp.  107 ff.;  Oehmichen, 
pp.  191-222,  248  ff.;  Schreiber,  Taf.  iii-v  ;  GK.  pp.  275  ff.;  Opitz,  pp. 
125  ff.;  Haigh,  pp.  65-100;  164  ff.;  and  also,  Becker's  Charicles,  Exc. 
to  Sc.  X ;  BD.  .s.  v.  Theatervorstellung,  Trauerspiel,  Lustspiel,  Chor, 
Schauspieler ;  G611,  Kulturbilder,  ^I  320  ff. ;  Bliimner,  LS.  Ill  45  ff-; 
St.  John,  Hellenes  II  220  ;  Millet,  Costumes  in  the  Greek  play  at 
Harvard,  Century  Magazine,  Nov.,  1881,  pp.  65  ff.;  Norman,  An  Ac- 
count of  the  Harvard  Greek  Play,  illustr.  (1882)  ;  Speed-Pry  or.  The 
Oedipus  Tyrannus,  Record  of  performance  in  Cambridge,  Eng.,  Nov. 
1887. 


—  17  — 

Time  and  occasion  —  Expense  and  provision  therefor  — 
The  Choregus  —  Preparation  and  rehearsal  —  The  judges 
and  the  award  —  The  stage,  decorations,  scenery,  and  scenic 
machinery  —  The  actors  —  Nnmber  —  Distribution  of  parts 
—  Elocution  —  Gesture  —  Costume  —  Masks  —  The  chorus, 
its  office  —  March  and  dance  —  Musical  accompaniment  — 
The  audience  —  Did  women  attend  ?  —  Behavior  of  the  au- 
dience. 


Lecture  XXXIII.     Agriculture  and  Stock. 

HB.  pp.  93-120  fF.;  Boeckh,  PB.  (see  table  of  contents);  St.  John, 
Hellenes  II  269  if.;  Bliimner,  LS.  Ill  144  ff.;  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i,  466 
b  and  ff. ;  BK.  pp.  293  ff.;  BD.  s.  v.  Ackerban  ;  Smith's  Diet.  Antiq. 
s.  V.  Agricultura  ;  Schrader,  Prehistoric  Antiquities  of  the  Aryan  Peo- 
ple, Part  IV,  chaps,  ii-v  (Transl.  of  Sprachvergleichung  und  Urge- 
schichte,  2d  edit.  1890) ;  Schreiber,  Bilderatlas  I,  Taf.  Ixiv  f — On  the 
animals:  Keller,  Thiere  des  classischen  Alterthums  (1887);  Imhoof- 
Blumer  und  Keller,  Tier-  und  Pflanzenbilder  auf  Miinzen  und  Gemmen 
(1889) ;  Baranski,  Geschichte  der  Thierzucht  und  Thiermedicin  ini 
Alterthum  (1886);  Hehn,  The  Wanderings  of  Plants  and  Animals 
(Trsl.  1888). 

Primitive  agricultural  conditions  —  Family  property  — 
Property -rights  —  Value  of  land  —  Agricultural  methods  — 
The  plow  —  Threshing  —  Winnowing  —  Irrigation  —  Gar- 
dens —  Wine-culture  —  Oil-culture  —  Sheep  —  Goats  —  Cat- 
tle —  Horses  —  Mules  —  Dogs  —  Cats  —  Other  pet  animals 
—  Geese  —  Pigeons  —  Cocks  —  Monkeys. 


Lecture  XXXIV.     Merchants  and  Trade. 

HB.  pp.  419  ff.,  452  ff.;  St.  John,  Hellenes  III  276  ff.;  Becker's  Char- 
icles,  Bxc.  to  Sc.  iv  ;  Bliimner,  LS.  Ill  165  ff.;  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i, 
pp.  473  b  and  ff.;  BD.  s.  v.  Banken  ;  BE.  pp.  356  ff.;  Mahaffy,  Social 
Life  in  Greece,  chap,  xiii ;  G611,  Kulturbilder  31  134  ff. ;  Richter,  Han- 
del und  Verkehr  (1886).— On  book-trade  :  G611,  Kulturbilder  =^II  207 
ff.;  BE.  571  ff-;  Becker-Goll,  Charicles,  Exc.  ii  to  Sc  iii ;  Schmitz, 
Schriftsteller  und  Buchhandler  in  Athen  (1876). 


Greeks  as  a  trading  people  —  Social  and  political  standing 
of  the  merchant-class  —  Retail  trade  —  Shops  —  Common 
articles  of  trade  —  Commerce  and  wholesale  trade  —  Materi- 
als of  commerce  —  Book  trade  —  Imports  and  exports  — 
Banking  and  bankers  —  Capital  and  interest. 


Lecture  XXXV.     Weights  and  Measures. 

Nissen,  MHb.  I  665  ff.;  Hultsch,  Griech.  uud  rom.  Metrologie,  2d 
edit.  (1882)  ;  Smith's  Diet.  Antiq.  pp.  1225  ff.;  HB.  pp.  438  ff. 

Measures  of  length  —  Their  historic  importance  —  Devel- 
opment —  Relation  to  other  measures  —  Measures  of  surface 
—  Measures  of  capacity  —  Of  weight  —  Different  Greek 
standards  and  their  relation. 


Lecture  XXXVI.     Money- 
Head,  Historia  Numorum  (1887) ;  Gardner,  Types  of  Greek  coins 
(1883) ;  Head,  Coins  of  the  Ancients,  2d  edit.  (1881)  ;  BE.  pp.  478  ff.; 
Stillman,  The  coinage  of  the  Greeks,  Century  Magaz.  xxxiii,  788  ff, 
(April,  1887). 

The  communication  of  weight  and  money  standards  from 
Asia  to  Europe  —  The  different  standards  —  Conflict  of  the 
Aeginetan  and  Buboean  standards  —  Beginnings  of  Greek 
coinage  —  Religious  character  of  early  type  —  Introduction 
of  portraiture  —  Symbolism  of  coins. 


Lecture  XXXVII.     The  Arts  and  Industries. 

Bliimner,  GewerbHche  Thatigkeit  der  Volker  des  klassischen  Alter- 
thums  (1869);  Bliimner,  TT.  4  vols.  (1874-87);  Biichsenschiitz,  BE. 
(1869) ;  Biichsenschiitz,  Die  Hauptstatten  des  Gewerbefleisses  im 
klass.  Alterthume  (1869)  ;    Bliimner,  Das  Knnstgewerbe  im  Alterthum 


—  19  — 

2  Abthlg.  (1885)  ;  St.  John,  Hellenes  III  96-244  ;  G611,  Kulturbilder  ^I 
162  fF.;  Bliimner,  LS.  pp.  153  ff.;  Miiller,  MHb.  IV,  i,  pp.  470  ff.;  HB. 
pp.  400  fF.;  Becker-Goll,  Charicles,  III  93  ff.;  BD.  s.  v.  Holzarbeit, 
Tischler,  Schmiede,  Goldarbeit,  Backerei,  Brot,  Schuhmacher,  Wal- 
ker, Thonarbeit,  Glas  ;  Smith's  Diet.  Autiq.  s.  v.  Fullo,  Pistor. 

Athens  as  a  manufacturing  town  —  Position  of  the  indus- 
trial classes  -r-  Carpenters  —  Cabinet-makers  —  Blacksmiths 
—  Workers  in  bronze  —  Goldsmiths  —  Bakers  and  cooks  — 
Tanners  —  Shoemakers  —  Dyers  —  Art  of  Dyeing  —  Tyrian 
purple  —  Potters  —  Glass-blowers  —  Barbers. 


Lecture  XXXVIII.     Travel,  Inns,  Roads,  Conveyance. 

HB.  pp.  479  ff. ;  Becker's  Charicles,  Exc.  to  Sc.  i;  G611,  Kulturbil- 
der :^I  38  ff. ;  Friedlander,  Sittengeschichte  Roms  -^11  85  ff. ;  BD.  s.  v. 
Wirtshaiiser ;  Smith's  Diet.  Antiq.  .s.  v.  Hospitium  ;  Curtius,  E.,  Die 
Gastfreundschaft,  Alterthum  und  Gegenwart  I  203  ff.;  Curtius,  E., 
Ueber  den  Wegeban  der  Griechen,  Abhaudl,  d.  Berl.  Akad,  1854,  pp. 

221  ff. On  carriages  :    BD.  s.  v.  Wagen  ;  vSmith's  Diet.  Antiq.  s.  v. 

Planstrum,  Frenum  ;  Buchholz,  Horn.  Realien  II,  i,  217  ff.;  GK.  pp 
248  ff. ;  Ginzrot,  Die  Wagen  und  Fulirwerke  der  Griechen  und  Romer 
(1817)  ;  HB.  pp.  481  ff. 

Hindrances  to  travel  in  antiquity  —  The  institution  of 
guest-friendship  (lei/oSoKta)  —  Inns  and  taverns  —  Travel  in 
the  Roman  period  —  Roads  —  Homeric  vehicles  —  Wagons 
—  The  harness. 


Lecture  XXXIX.     The  Army,  Armor,  and  Tactics. 

GK.  pp.  231  ff.;  Schreiber,  Bilderatlas  I,  Taf.  xxxivff.;  Bliimner, 
IvS.  Ill  105  ff.;  Goll,  Kulturbilder,  ^I  187  ff.;  BD.  s.  v.  Festungskrieg, 
Waffen  ;  Smith's  Diet.  Antiq.  s.  v.  Exercitus  ;  Weiss,  Kostumkunde, 
vol.  II ;  Riistow  und  Koclily,  Geschiclite  des  griech.  Kriegswesens 
(1852) ;  Herrmann -Droysen,  Heerwesen  und  Kriegfiihrung  der  Griech- 
en (Ivchrb.  der  gr.  Antiq.  II,  2)  (1889)  ;  Fickelscherer,  Kriegswesen 
der  Alien  (1888)  ;  Bauer,  Kriegsalterthiimer,  MHB.  IV,  i,  225  ff.;  Hel- 


20 


big,  Das  homerische  Epos  aus  den  Denkmalern  erlaiitert,  pp.  195  ff.  ; 
Jalms,  Gescliichte  des  Kriegswesens  (1880)  ;  Dodge,  Alexander,  A  his- 
tory of  the  origin  and  growth  of  the  art  of  war  from  the  earliest  times 
to  the  battle  of  Ipsus  (1890). — On  mercenaries  :  BE.  pp.  350  ff. ;  Her- 
mann-Droysen,  pp.  74  ff. 

The  organization  of  the  Spartan  army  —  Of  the  Athenian 
army  —  Employment  of  mercenaries  —  The  army  on  the 
march  —  In  camp  —  In  battle  ;  the  general  method  of  con- 
ducting a  battle  —  Spartan  infantry  tactics  —  Spartan  caval- 
r>^  —  Athenian  infantry  tactics  —  Athenian  cavalry  —  Theb- 
an  tactics  —  Innovations  of  Philip  and  Alexander  —  Armor 
—  Weapons  —  Fortifications  —  Heavy  Artillery  —  Siege. 


Lecture  XL.     The  Marine. 

GK.  254  ff.;  Smith's  Diet.  Antiq.  s.  v.  Navis,  Trierarchia  ;  Bliimner, 
LS.  Ill  137  ff.;  Bauer,  MHb.  IV,  i,  276  ff.;  Hermann-Droysen,  Heer- 
wesen  und  Kriegsfiihrung  pp.  271  ff. ;  Assmann,  BD.  s.  v.  Seewesen  ; 
Fickelscherer,  Kriegswesen  der  Alten,  pp.  107  ff. ;  Schreiber,  Bilder- 
atlas  I,  Taf  xlv  ff. ;  Boeckh,  Urkunden  iiber  das  Seewesen  des  atti- 
schen  Staates  (1840)  ;  Breusing,  Die  Nautik  der  Alten  (1886)  ;  Goll, 
Kulturbilder,  ^I  386  ff. 

The  oldest  ships  —  Vessels  of  two  or  more  banks  of  oars 

—  Method  of  rowing  them  —  Rigging  for  sails  —  Rudders  — 
Oars  —  Anchors  —  Sea-fights  —  Harbors  and   appointments 

—  Organization  of  the  Athenian  navy  —  The  trierarchy. 


14  DAY  USE 

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